Evaluating the daily modulation of FADD and related molecular markers in different brain regions in male rats.

Fas-Associated protein with Death Domain (FADD), a key molecule controlling cell fate by balancing apoptotic versus non-apoptotic functions, is dysregulated in post-mortem brains of subjects with psychopathologies, in animal models capturing certain aspects of these disorders, and by several pharmacological agents. Since persistent disruptions in normal functioning of daily rhythms are linked with these conditions, oscillations over time of key biomarkers, such as FADD, could play a crucial role in balancing the clinical outcome. Therefore, we characterized the 24-h regulation of FADD (and linked molecular partners: p-ERK/t-ERK ratio, Cdk-5, p35/p25, cell proliferation) in key brain regions for FADD regulation (prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus). Samples were collected during Zeitgeber time (ZT) 2, ZT5, ZT8, ZT11, ZT14, ZT17, ZT20, and ZT23 (ZT0, lights-on or inactive period; ZT12, lights-off or active period). FADD showed similar daily fluctuations in all regions analyzed, with higher values during lights off, and opposite to p-ERK/t-ERK ratios regulation. Both Cdk-5 and p35 remained stable and did not change across ZT. However, p25 increased during lights off, but exclusively in striatum. Finally, no 24-h modulation was observed for hippocampal cell proliferation, although higher values were present during lights off. These results demonstrated a clear daily modulation of FADD in several key brain regions, with a more prominent regulation during the active time of rats, and suggested a key role for FADD, and molecular partners, in the normal physiological functioning of the brain's daily rhythmicity, which if disrupted might participate in the development of certain pathologies.

Sex differences in the antidepressant-like response and molecular events induced by the imidazoline-2 receptor agonist CR4056 in rats.

In searching for novel targets to design antidepressants, among the characterized imidazoline receptors (IR), I2 receptors are an innovative therapeutical approach since they are dysregulated in major depressive disorder and by classical antidepressant treatments. In fact, several I2 agonists have been characterized for their antidepressant-like potential, but the results in terms of efficacy were mixed and exclusively reported in male rodents. Since there are well-known sex differences in antidepressant-like efficacy, this study characterized the potential effects induced by two I2 drugs, CR4056 (i.e., most promising drug already in phase II clinical trial for its analgesic properties) and B06 (a compound from a new family of bicyclic α-iminophosphonates) under the stress of the forced-swim test in male and female rats exposed to early-life stress. Moreover, some hippocampal neuroplasticity markers related to the potential effects observed were also evaluated (i.e., FADD, p-ERK/ERK, mBDNF, cell proliferation: Ki-67 + cells). The main results replicated the only prior study reporting the efficacy of CR4056 in male rats, while providing new data on its efficacy in females, which was clearly dependent on prior early-life stress exposure. Moreover, B06 showed no antidepressant-like effects in male or female rats. Finally, CR4056 increased FADD content and decreased cell proliferation in hippocampus, without affecting p-ERK/t-ERK ratio and/or mBDNF content. Interestingly, these effects were exclusively observed in female rats, and independently of early-life conditions, suggesting some distinctive molecular underpinnings participating in the therapeutic response of CR4056 for both sexes. In conjunction, these results present CR4056 with an antidepressant-like potential, especially in female rats exposed to stress early in life, together with some neuronal correlates described in the context of these behavioral changes in females.

Fostering Youth Female Athletes' Decision-Making Skills through Competitive Volleyball: A Mixed Methods Design.

Decision-making is one of the most important life skills for young athletes to succeed in their daily lives and can be improved through Positive Youth Development (PYD) programs. Although the application of this type of programs has increased within educational and recreational sports, there is a lack of research relating PYD through competitive sports. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether an intervention with competitive female youth players improves their decision-making. A hybrid PYD program was applied (37 trainings and 14 games) using convergent mixed methods. 15 girls (8-10 years) and a male coach participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews and field notes were used to collect qualitative data and the Decision-Making Style in Sport questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. The results showed a positive perception of the improvement in decision-making in both the players and the coach; however, there was no statistical significance between the pretest and the posttest, and the integration between qualitative and quantitative data was mostly discrepant. Despite the lack of significance in the statistical analysis, the findings suggest that the intervention program appears to have beneficial effects on the development of decision-making skills in the players.

Dose-Dependent Antidepressant-Like Effects of Cannabidiol in Aged Rats.

Aging predisposes to late-life depression and since antidepressants are known to change their efficacy with age, novel treatment options are needed for our increased aged population. In this context, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the potential antidepressant-like effect of cannabidiol in aged rats. For this purpose, 19-21-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 7 days with cannabidiol (dose range: 3-30 mg/kg) and scored under the stress of the forced-swim test. Hippocampal cannabinoid receptors and cell proliferation were evaluated as potential molecular markers underlying cannabidiol's actions. The main results of the present study demonstrated that cannabidiol exerted a dose-dependent antidepressant-like effect in aged rats (U-shaped, effective at the intermediate dose of 10 mg/kg as compared to the other doses tested), without affecting body weight. None of the molecular markers analyzed in the hippocampus were altered by cannabidiol's treatment. Overall, this study demonstrated a dose-dependent antidepressant-like response for cannabidiol at this age-window (aged rats up to 21 months old) and in line with other studies suggesting a beneficial role for this drug in age-related behavioral deficits.

Exploring pharmacological options for adolescent depression: a preclinical evaluation with a sex perspective.

There is an urgent need for developing novel pharmacological treatment options for adolescent depression, and to ensure an optimal translational outcome to the clinic, sex should be included as a biological variable in preclinical studies. In this context, the present study compared the antidepressant-like potential of ketamine and cannabidiol, with the clinical standard fluoxetine, in adolescent rats exposed to maternal deprivation (as a model of early-life stress), while including a sex perspective. Moreover, changes in drug efficacy over time were evaluated by re-exposing rats to the same dose regimens during adulthood. Antidepressant-like responses were scored through a battery of distinctive tests (forced-swim, novelty-suppressed feeding, and sucrose preference) across time. The main results proved an antidepressant-like potential for ketamine and cannabidiol in adolescent rats, although their efficacy was dependent on sex and prior stress exposure, as well as on treatment length and the behavioral feature analyzed. In general, while all tested antidepressants in male rats improved certain affective-like features, female rats were mainly unresponsive to the treatments performed (except for certain benefits induced by ketamine), demonstrating the need for further characterizing proper treatments for this particular sex. Moreover, when rats were re-exposed in adulthood to the same drug regimens as in adolescence, a drop in efficacy was observed. These findings may have translational ramifications in that ketamine or cannabidiol could be moved forward as antidepressants for the adolescent depressed population, but not before further characterizing their potential long-term safety and/or beneficial vs. harmful effects for both sexes.

Personal and Social Responsibility Development in a Volleyball Hybrid Positive Youth Development Program: A Mixed Methods Approach.

Positive Youth Development (PYD) programs are being used to foster holistic growth in children and adolescents. The hybridized application of two or more programs of this type has acquired special relevance in recent years. Although their application is common in the school context, there are few research studies that attempt their implementation in an extracurricular context. This study analyzed the effects of an intervention based on a hybrid PYD program on personal responsibility (PR) and social responsibility (SR) in youth volleyball players in an extracurricular context. A hybrid program was applied during the competitive season, with a total of 37 sessions with 30 girl students (15 experimental and 15 control) aged between 8 and 10 years (M = 8.87, SD = 0.82). A convergent mixed methods design was applied to integrate the following: (a) semi-structured interviews and field notes and (b) personal and social responsibility questionnaires. The results indicated that the implementation of the hybrid program appeared to yield a positive perception of learning in both the participants and the coach. Although there were no statistically significant intergroup or intragroup differences, the findings suggest that the hybrid program seems to be effective in fostering PR and SR in youth girl volleyball players.

Influence of the Tertile of Birth on Anthropometric Variables, Anaerobic Parameters and Quantitative Muscle Ultrasound in School Children.

The relative age effect (RAE) has been studied and demonstrated in the literature. Our study evaluated the influence of birth tertile on anthropometric variables, anaerobic parameters, and quantitative muscle ultrasound in school children. A transversal, comparative, non-randomized study was conducted with 159 participants (9.36 ± 0.84 years) recruited by purposive sampling, of whom 70 were girls (9.50 ± 0.77 years) and 89 were boys (9.25 ± 0.88 years). The sample was divided into groups based on the year of birth, and each group was divided into tertiles. The anthropometric parameters of body weight, height, and fat percentage were measured, and then a right quadriceps ultrasound was performed, followed by the evaluation of CMJ and continuous jumps. Comparison of tertile subgroups showed significant differences in the vertical jump, in girls (CMJ, PCMJ, PCMJR, PCMJDE, PCMJDER, and PP15) and in boys (PCMJ, PCMJR, PCMJDE, and PP15). The results indicate that being born in the first months of the year may have a positive influence on performance in anaerobic tests, such as vertical jump, and on the quantitative ultrasound results of the quadriceps.

Benzofuranyl-2-imidazoles as imidazoline I2 receptor ligands for Alzheimer's disease.

Recent findings unveil the pharmacological modulation of imidazoline I2 receptors (I2-IR) as a novel strategy to face unmet medical neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we report the chemical characterization, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and ADMET in silico of a family of benzofuranyl-2-imidazoles that exhibit affinity against human brain I2-IR and most of them have been predicted to be brain permeable. Acute treatment in mice with 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazole, known as LSL60101 (garsevil), showed non-warning properties in the ADMET studies and an optimal pharmacokinetic profile. Moreover, LSL60101 induced hypothermia in mice while decreased pro-apoptotic FADD protein in the hippocampus. In vivo studies in the familial Alzheimer's disease 5xFAD murine model with the representative compound, revealed significant decreases in the protein expression levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in hippocampus. Overall, LSL60101 plays a neuroprotective role by reducing apoptosis and modulating oxidative stress.

Evaluating the effects of 2-BFI and tracizoline, two potent I2-imidazoline receptor agonists, on cognitive performance and affect in middle-aged rats.

Cognitive performance and affective-like responses are particularly susceptible to decline during the aging process. Since imidazoline receptors I2 are altered in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, the pharmacological modulation of I2 receptors could be of potential interest to improve these age-related behavioral deficits. In this context, the present study explored the potential pro-cognitive as well as antidepressant-like effects of two potent I2 agonists, 2-BFI (2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline), and tracizoline (2-styryl-4,5-dihydro-lH-imidazole, also known as LSL 61122 or valldemossine) in middle-aged male rats. Following a preliminary study performed to select a dose regimen capable of inducing neuroplastic events (i.e., regulation of hippocampal FADD cell fate adaptor), 2-BFI or tracizoline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to 9-10-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Cognitive performance was evaluated in the 8-arm radial maze and antidepressant-like responses under the stress of the forced-swim test. At the dose selected, 2-BFI and tracizoline did not alter body weight or cognitive performance. Interestingly, 2-BFI (but not tracizoline) induced hypothermia over the course of treatment and an antidepressant-like response in the forced-swim test. These compounds did not improve cognitive performance in middle-aged rats; however, 2-BFI exerted an antidepressant-like response. These results are in line with prior reports suggesting a beneficial impact induced by certain I2 ligands on affective-like behavior, while adding that the beneficial effects were mediated by increasing climbing behavior and with the novelty and importance of demonstrating this effect for middle-aged rats.

Exploring the antidepressant-like potential of the selective I2-imidazoline receptor ligand LSL 60101 in adult male rats.

BACKGROUND: While the alteration of I2 receptors has been associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, among other brain dysfunctions, I2 selective agonists are also capable of inducing analgesia in models of chronic pain, improving cognition and inducing hypothermia and neuroprotection. However, the literature evaluating the antidepressant-like potential of I2 ligands is scarce and showed mixed results, whereas some studies reported antidepressant-like effects for certain I2 ligands others denied them. In this context, we evaluated the antidepressant-like potential of a highly selective I2-receptor ligand, LSL 60101 ([2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazole]). METHODS: LSL 60101 was administered in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats daily during 16 days (doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) and its antidepressant-like potential was assessed through the course of treatment in the forced-swim test, novelty-suppressed feeding test and two-bottle choice test (sucrose preference). The regulation of several key neuroplasticity markers (i.e., FADD, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, JNK1/2, mBDNF) was evaluated 24-h post-treatment by western blot analysis in the right hippocampus and the proliferation of neural progenitors was quantified in the left hippocampus by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The results showed that LSL 60101 did not induce an antidepressant-like effect over the course of treatment in any of the behavioral tests conducted, and it did not alter any of the hippocampal neuroplasticity markers evaluated. CONCLUSION: These results add to the existing literature by suggesting that not all I2 ligands might be capable of displaying an antidepressant-like potential, and that particularities in the chemical structure of each compound might help explain these discrepancies and deserve future studies.

Study on the differences in quantitative ultrasound of the quadriceps between schoolchildren who practise different sports / Estudio sobre las diferencias en ecografía cuantitativa del cuádriceps entre escolares practicantes de diferentes modalidades deportivas

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the differences in quantitative ultrasound of the quadriceps in a sample of schoolchildren who practise different sports. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A transversal, comparative and non-randomised study was carried out with an intentional sample of 184 schoolchildren, aged between 7 and 10 years. The sample was divided into three groups based on the sport practised: a) only soccer; b) volleyball, basketball, swimming, gymnastics and cheerleading; and c) no sport practised. The eco-intensity, thickness and pennation angle of some components of the quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius) were measured using B-mode ultrasound imaging. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the 3 groups of children in the variables that measure the quality of the muscle: eco-intensity and fat percentage of the rectus femoris (p < 0.05), muscle thickness of the anterior (p< 0.05) and lateral (p< 0.01) vastus intermedius, and in the pennation angle of the rectus femoris (ARF) (p< 0.05) and of the vastus lateralis (AVL) (p < 0.01). Between groups b and c there were differences in the ARF in boys (p < 0.01) and in the AVL in girls (p< 0.05).CONCLUSION: The way in which sport initiation is carried out in children between 7 and 10 years of age may cause differences in the quadriceps muscle, which can be demonstrated through the use of quantitative ultrasound. Moreover, such differen-ces are related to the duration and frequency of the stimulus, which becomes a qualitative aspect to be considered when programming the training contents at these ages

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las diferencias en ecografía cuantitativa del cuádriceps en niños y niñas escolares practicantes de diferentes deportes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio transversal, comparativo y no aleatorizado. Se utilizó una muestra intencional compuesta por 184 niños escolares, entre 7 y 10 años. La muestra fue dividida en tres grupos según la modalidad deportiva practicada: a) un grupo que solo practicaba fútbol; b) otro grupo donde practican voleibol, baloncesto, natación, gimnasia y cheerleading; y c) un grupo que no practican ninguna modalidad deportiva. La eco-intensidad, el espesor y el ángulo de penneación de algunos componentes del cuádriceps (recto femoral, vasto lateral y vasto intermedio) fueron medidos usando una ecografía en modo-B. RESULTADOS: Hubo diferencias significativas al evaluar los 3 grupos en los niños, en las variables que miden la calidad del músculo: Eco-intensidad y porcentaje de grasa del recto femoral (v.p.< 0,05), el espesor muscular del vasto intermedio tanto anterior (v.p.< 0,05), como lateral (v.p.< 0,01), y en el ángulo de penneación del recto femoral (ARF) (v.p.< 0,05) y del vasto lateral (AVL) (v.p.< 0,01). Entre los grupos b y c se encontraron diferencias en el ARF en niños (v.p.< 0,01) y en el AVL en niñas (v.p.< 0,05).CONCLUSIÓN: La forma en la que se realice la iniciación deportiva en niños entre 7 y 10 años puede generar diferencias en el músculo del cuádriceps, que pueden hacerse evidentes mediante el uso de la ecográfica muscular cuantitativa. Esos cambios están además relacionados con la duración y la frecuencia del estímulo, lo cual supone un aspecto cualitativo para tener en cuenta durante la programación de los contenidos de entrenamiento en estas edades

Regulation of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, neuroprotective mTOR and pro-apoptotic JNK1/2 kinases in postmortem prefrontal cortex of subjects with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Dysregulations of endocannabinoids and/or cannabinoid (CB) receptors have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: CB1 and CB2 receptors, neuroprotective mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) and pro-apoptotic JNK1/2 (c-Jun-N-terminal kinases) were quantified by immunoblotting in postmortem prefrontal cortex of MDD and controls, and further compared in antidepressant (AD)-free and AD-treated subjects. Neuroplastic proteins (PSD-95, Arc, spinophilin) were quantified in MDD brains. RESULTS: Total cortical CB1 glycosylated (≈54/64 kDa) receptor was increased in MDD (+20%, n=23, p=0.02) when compared with controls (100%, n=19). This CB1 receptor upregulation was quantified in AD-treated (+23%, n=14, p=0.02) but not in AD-free (+14%, n=9, p=0.34) MDD subjects. In the same MDD cortical samples, CB2 glycosylated (≈45 kDa) receptor was unaltered (all MDD: +11%, n=23, p=0.10; AD-free: +12%, n=9, p=0.31; AD-treated: +10%, n=14, p=0.23). In MDD, mTOR activity (p-Ser2448 TOR/t-TOR) was increased (all MDD: +29%, n=18, p=0.002; AD-free: +33%, n=8, p=0.03; AD-treated: +25%, n=10, p=0.04). In contrast, JNK1/2 activity (p-Thr183/Tyr185/t-JNK) was unaltered in MDD subjects. Cortical PSD-95, Arc, and spinophilin contents were unchanged in MDD. LIMITATIONS: A relative limited sample size. Some MDD subjects had been treated with a variety of ADs. The results must be understood in the context of suicide victims with MDD. CONCLUSIONS: The upregulation of CB1 receptor density, but not that of CB2 receptor, as well as the increased mTOR activity in PFC/BA9 of subjects with MDD (AD-free/treated) support their contributions in the complex pathophysiology of MDD and in the molecular mechanisms of antidepressant drugs.

Bicyclic α-Iminophosphonates as High Affinity Imidazoline I2 Receptor Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease.

Imidazoline I2 receptors (I2-IR), widely distributed in the CNS and altered in patients that suffer from neurodegenerative disorders, are orphans from a structural point of view, and new I2-IR ligands are urgently required for improving their pharmacological characterization. We report the synthesis and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies of a new family of bicyclic α-iminophosphonates endowed with relevant affinities for human brain I2-IR. Acute treatment in mice with a selected compound significantly decreased Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) in the hippocampus, a key signaling mediator of neuroprotective actions. Additionally, in vivo studies in the familial Alzheimer's disease 5xFAD murine model revealed beneficial effects in behavior and cognition. These results are supported by changes in molecular pathways related to cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, bicyclic α-iminophosphonates are tools that may open new therapeutic avenues for I2-IR, particularly for unmet neurodegenerative conditions.

Improved age-related deficits in cognitive performance and affective-like behavior following acute, but not repeated, 8-OH-DPAT treatments in rats: regulation of hippocampal FADD.

The aims of this study were (1) to behaviorally phenotype rats at different ages for both cognitive performance and affect, (2) to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of 8-OH-DPAT (a 5-HT1A receptor agonist) treatments on improving age-related behavioral deficits, and (3) to uncover putative key brain targets (e.g., Fas-associated protein with death domain [FADD] and related partners) that might contribute to the observed age-related behavioral changes. The principal results showed that acute, but not repeated, 8-OH-DPAT treatments improved age-related deficits in cognitive performance and affect while induced hypothermia. Moreover, multifunctional FADD protein decreased with age specifically in the hippocampus (as compared to the prefrontal cortex) and was further decreased following acute 8-OH-DPAT. The major conclusions indicate a parallelism between the beneficial effects observed following acute 8-OH-DPAT on improving the negative consequences of aging on cognition and affect, together with the acute induction of hypothermia and hippocampal FADD regulation. Because these effects were not observed following repeated treatment (i.e., observed tolerance to acute hypothermia), the results suggest 5-HT1A receptors desensitization and/or the activation of compensatory adaptive mechanisms.

Repeated treatment with the α2-adrenoceptor agonist UK-14304 improves cognitive performance in middle-age rats: Role of hippocampal Fas-associated death domain.

The cell fate regulator Fas-associated death domain (FADD) balances cell death with non-apoptotic actions via its phosphorylated form. A recent study associated loss of cortical FADD with cognitive decline and increased risk of clinical dementia. Since the activation of cortical α2A-adrenoceptors improved memory deficits in various animal models of working memory loss, the present study evaluated whether UK-14304, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist known to acutely regulate brain FADD forms, would improve cognitive function in middle-aged rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with UK-14304 (0.3 or 1 mg/kg) or saline (1 mL/kg) for seven days. Cognitive performance was evaluated in the eight-arm radial maze. FADD protein content was measured in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus by Western blot analysis. The results showed that UK-14304 (1 mg/kg) improved cognitive performance (less time: -310±45 s, p=0.025 and fewer errors: -2.75±1.06, p=0.043 to complete the maze) and increased FADD selectively in the hippocampus (+35±11%, p=0.029). Interestingly, hippocampal FADD content negatively correlated with the time ( r=-0.651, p<0.01) needed to complete the maze. Thus, better cognitive scores were associated with higher FADD hippocampal content. These results support a role for α2-adrenoceptors in ameliorating cognition and suggest FADD protein content as a possible correlate for cognitive performance.

Anthropometric, body composition and somatotype characteristics of elite female volleyball players from the highest Spanish league.

This study aimed to describe morphological characteristics of elite female volleyball players from the highest Spanish league, with special focus on differences by performance level and playing positions. Nearly all female players playing in the highest Spanish volleyball league during season 2003/2004 participated in this study (N=148 elite players, 92% of the total). Anthropometric, body composition and somatotype parameters according to performance and playing positions were analysed. The players' characteristics were as follows; body mass 72.3 ± 8.4 kg; stature 179.8 ± 7.1 cm; body fat 24.0 ± 3.1% and skeletal muscle mass 27.3 ± 2.9 kg. Mean somatotype was 3.1 ± 0.7; 3.4 ± 0.9; 3.1 ± 0.9 characterised as central with a tendency to balanced mesomorph. Top level players (whose teams were better classified in the team performance ranking) were taller, had higher skeletal muscle mass and ectomorphy, and had a lower level of adiposity markers, compared with lower level players. Players selected for their respective National teams (individual performance) were taller, heavier, had higher muscle mass and lower endomorphy than non-selected players. Differences according to playing positions were found. This study provides a complete set of reference data on anthropometry, body composition and somatotype of elite female volleyball players. Morphological differences have been identified according to performance level and playing position.

Aplicaciones del ultrasonido en Endodoncia / Applications of ultrasonic in endodontics

El ultrasonido es una forma de energía sonora transmitida en forma de ondas, que se propaga a través de distintos medios. En Odontología se ha estudiado para ver sus posibles aplicaciones y ventajas en las diferentes etapas de la terapéutica endodóntica. En el presente trabajo hemos revisado artículos científicos de los últimos diez años sobre aplicaciones del ultrasonido en el campo de la endodoncia. Las aplicaciones y ventajas encontradas en las que el Ultrasonido es una herramienta en el campo de la Endodoncia son: eliminación de restauraciones para acceder al sistema de conductos, localización de conductos, eliminación de obstrucciones (como instrumentos fracturados, medicamentos intra-conducto, pernos o postes), preparación biomecánica, irrigación ultrasónica(activación de irrigantes), obturación del sistema de conductos y cirugía endodóntica. Los ultrasonidos ofrecen varias ventajas y aplicaciones en el campo de la endodoncia, siendo su uso recomendado y obligatorio en determinadas situaciones (AU)

Ultrasound is a form of energy transmitted in the form of sound waves propagating through different media. In Dentistry has been studied to see its potential applications and advantages at different stages of endodontic therapy. In this paper we review scientific papers the last ten years on applications of ultrasound in the field of endodontic. Applications and advantages found in that ultrasound is a tool in the field of Endodonticare: removing restorations to enter the duct system. Locating of ducts, removal of obstructions (such as fractured instruments, intracanal medications, bolts or studs), preparation biomechanics, ultrasonic irrigation(irrigating activation), sealing duct system and endodontic surgery. Ultrasound offers several advantages and applications in the field of endodontic, being recommended and mandatory use in certain situations (AU)

Validación de un instrumento para valorar la percepción del aprendizaje y el nivel de diversión del alumno en educación física. El semáforo / Validation of an instrument to assess student learning perception

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue validar un instrumento de evaluación de la percepción del aprendizaje y el nivel de diversión de los alumnos en clase de educación física ("el semáforo"). El instrumento "el semáforo" constaba de dos cuestiones cerradas con tres posibles respuestas(¿Cuánto crees que has aprendido / te has divertido en esta sesión?), relacionadas con la percepción que el alumno tiene sobre el nivel de aprendizaje, y el nivel de diversión alcanzado durante la clase de educación física. Los alumnos para responder deben marcar el color con el que se identificaba(rojo=poco, amarillo= algo, o verde=mucho) en función de su percepción. Se realizó una validación del contenido a través del acuerdo y consenso de diez jueces expertos Los resultados indicaron que el cuestionario tuvo por parte de los jueces expertos una valoración de 8.70 en la pregunta de percepción del aprendizaje y 8.80 en la pregunta de percepción de la diversión. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se pueden establecer las siguientes conclusiones: El cuestionario "El semáforo" dispone de niveles de validez de contenido para evaluar la percepción del alumno sobre el nivel de aprendizaje y el grado de diversión alcanzado de iniciación en las clases de educación física .El instrumento diseñado, por ser rápido y fácil cumplimiento, es apropiado para ser utilizado en el ámbito educativo reglado

The aim of this study was to validate an instrument for assessing students' learning perception and enjoyment in physical education class(the "traffic light"). The instrument of the "traffic light" consisted of two closed questions with three possible answers (How much have you learned?/ How much have you enjoyed class?) Related to students learning perception and enjoyment in physical education class. Students answer by marking the color that identified their perceptions of learning and enjoymen t during the class (red = little, yellow = some, or green = much). Validation of the content through agreement and consensus of 10 expert judges. The expert judges gave the question of learning perception an assessment of 8.70and the question of enjoyment perception an assessment of 8.80. Throught he results obtained, the following conclusion can be established: the "trafficlight" questionnaire has content validity for evaluating the student’s perception of learning and enjoyment in physical education classes. The instrument is appropriate for use in formal educational (it is fast and easy)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi de validar um instrumento de avaliação da percepção da aprendizagem e o nível de diversão dos alunos na classe de educação física (o semáforo). O instrumento "semáforo" constava de duas questões fechadas com três possíveis respostas (Quanto acredita ter aprendido? / Você se divertiu com essa sessão?), relacionadas com a percepção que o aluno tem sobre o nível de aprendizagem e o nível de diversão alcançada durante a aula de educação física. Os alunos tiveram que marcar a cor que identificava (vermelho=pouco, amarelo=algo e verde muito) em função de sua própria percepção. Foi realizada uma validação do conteúdo através do acordo e consenso de dez juízes. Os resultados indicaram que o questionário teve uma pontuação de 8,70 por parte dos juízes na pergunta de percepção de aprendizagem e um 8,80 na pergunta de diversão. A partir dos resultados obtidos, podem estabelecer as seguintes conclusões: o questionário "o semáforo" dispõe de níveis de validez de conteúdo para avaliar a percepção de alunos sobre o nível de aprendizagem e o grau de diversão alcançado nas aulas de educação física. O instrumento desenhado por ser rápido e de fácil execução é apropriado para ser utilizado no âmbito educativo com regularidade